
Researchers have been studying whales off the coast of Alaska since the 1970’s. This summer their research focuses mainly on killer whales in the Northwestern portion of the Gulf of Alaska. An American tour boat recently called in a sighting of a pod of killer whales, but what researchers found wasn’t just a pod… it was a superpod!
It’s mid-afternoon on a Monday and the research vessel Natoa bobs around lightly in the unusually calm waters of Kachemak Bay. Kachemak Bay is a relatively small bay located on the southern tip of Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. This bay empties into Lower Cook Inlet, where researchers from the North Gulf Oceanic Society have been searching for whales all summer … NGOS uses the Natoa to conduct long term research on the life history of whales. And on this day, biologists on the boat have all but struck gold.
As we approach a large group of killer whales about a mile from the eastern coast of Kachemak Bay, we see rows of dorsal fins emerging from the water. Researchers call this “picket fencing.” And that’s exactly what it looks like. There are whales in all directions and some of them are on their backs, others are slapping their flukes, they’re nearly swimming on top of each other, and although it might not seem like it, NGOS director, Craig Matkin says the whales are resting.
Matkin has been photographing killer whales in Alaska since 1977. He laughs. There’s a tone of near shock in his voice. “Unbelievable!” he cries. “They’re all lined up… they’re all lined up like this. What a… a… bonanza!”
The black and white photos Matkin is furiously shooting will be used to identify each whale…. Each one has a unique saddle patch – the gray area behind the dorsal fin – and after they’ve been photographed, they’re given a code name – AD5 or AX for example – the code indicates where and from which pod each whale has come. Researchers will catalog the whales and use the information to track them throughout their lives. Male killer whales live for about 40 or 50 years and females can live for 60 years or more.
On a day like today– with a flat, calm ocean and an overcast sky – the situation is ideal and the whales are making everyone’s job a little easier.
At about 12:30 in the afternoon, we spot the first group of what later amounts to 100 killer whales. This is what biologists call a super pod.
At least four different pods of killer whales are congregating in Kachemak Bay. “Yeah, they’re really social animals and when they rest it’s when they get all their socializing out.”
Cy St. Amand is another researching taking photos. “They might be listening to this other group approaching from Pogi Point,” he says as he points south towards a tree covered, rocky point off in the distance where more whales are swimming together. It’s still at least 20 miles off, but there are definitely whales out there. “And they can hear that kind of distance and they maybe excited if it’s a group the maybe haven’t seen in awhile and when they get together with another group they haven’t seen in a while they can put on quite a display.” St. Amand explains it’s like a reunion where the whales re-meet and greet each other.
There are three different types of killer whales, but only two of them live in Alaska. Resident killer whales eat only fish and the transient killer whales eat other marine mammals. Today’s whales are residents.
“The shape of the fin and the saddle patch. Notice how some of the saddle patches have a dark indentation in them? We call them open saddle patches and that’s only in residents.” explains Matkin. “And transients don’t come in groups of a hundred, they usually come in groups of ten,” Matkin’s colleague L.A. Holmes quickly adds. Holmes also explains that usually, the dorsal fins of transient killer whales are generally more “knicked up” due mostly to the fact that transients are more aggressive and feed on equally aggressive marine mammals like sea lions.
Matkin says he recognizes some of these whales from past photos he’s taken. He also says that not only is this encounter unusual, but that some of these whales have traveled large distances. From Kachemak, Bay, it might take about 8 hours to reach Kodiak Island and some of these whales have crossed the Gulf coming from Southeast Alaska… by boat, that can take three to five days or more.
“So Emily,” calls LA. Holmes, “when that little guys comes up if you look at his saddle patch and you try and kind of get an idea of what it is and what whale is with him and what saddle patch that whale has, that’s probably gonna be his mom.” Holmes points way out to the little whale in the group. The young whale pops right up alongside a larger female. “And 20 year from now when you see him again he’ll probably still be with his mom.” “Oh really?” I exclaim. “Yeah they’re matriarchal, they follow their moms around or their grandmas, whoever is the oldest female, their whole lives.” Holmes says.
When whales come together in super pods like this, they match up with their maternal groups. “It’s really important for them to touch in with their close relatives pretty frequently,” Matkin says.
While steering the boat, Holmes acknowledges that she has a particular affinity for the younger whales. “You’ll notice that the little guys have a completely different cadence when they surface and they come up like popcorn – we call them popcorn. They bubble up really quick they just haven’t learned how to control their ascent it appears.” We see the same little whale literally pop up almost parallel with his mother’s dorsal fin.
Just then, another group comes up from behind the boat. I look down to see a juvenile male swim right under us, as others surface alongside the bow and the mist from their blowholes cats my hands and my microphone.
After Matkin and St. Amand are finished photographing the animals, Matkin uses a small charge and a bouyant dart to retrieve a skin and blubber sample from two free-swimming adult males. This doesn’t hurt the whale… today’s targets don’t even flinch.
The biopsy samples are about 3 cm long and only a few millimeters in diameter. Once he returns to land, Matkin will analyze the skin samples for DNA and stable isotope information. He’ll also sample the blubber for contaminants and information about what the whale has been eating…. there’s no real long term data in Alaska and the information collected today is invaluable for biologists like Matkin and groups like the North Gulf Oceanic Society.
This story aired on Deutsche Welle’s ‘Living Planet’ in August, 2008. It can be heard here:
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3561073,00.html